Convening on AI, Human Rights, & Atrocity Prevention

March 12, 2026

9:00 AM - 5:00 PM

Cardozo School of Law

55 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Hosted by CLIHHR and CRIES

Key links

Agenda

All closed-door sessions operate under the Chatham House Rule.

9:00 – 10:15 AM Roundtable 1: Context-Setting and Introductory Session

Establishing a shared understanding of atrocity prevention as a field, demystifying AI terminology, and examining how AI supports or threatens early warning, monitoring, and human rights protection in fragile environments. Session Leaders: Fermín Selva, CRIES; Ramya Kudekallu, CLIHHR; Iain Levine, Former Meta / Human Rights Watch Light breakfast served.

10:15 – 11:30 AM Roundtable 2: Digital Technologies, Power, and Mass Atrocity Risk

Examining how digital technologies shape international law and policy, identifying governance and accountability gaps, and analyzing documented cases of platform-enabled disinformation, hate speech, and targeting of marginalized communities. In partnership with the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P). Session Leaders: Jaclyn Streitfeld-Hall, GCR2P; Julia Saltzman, GCR2P

11:30 – 11:50 AM Morning Break

Coffee and light snacks served.

11:50 AM – 1:05 PM Roundtable 3: Mapping AI and Atrocity in Warfare

Exploring how AI in military and security contexts intersects with atrocity crimes, interrogating autonomous weapons and AI-enabled targeting, examining accountability gaps, and identifying consensus on red lines for autonomous systems. Session Leaders: Professor Rebecca Crootof, University of Richmond School of Law; Alyssa Ruhlen, CLIHHR

1:05 – 2:05 PM Lunch Break

Lunch provided.

2:05 – 3:20 PM Roundtable 4: Opportunity, Agency, and Collective Action

Strengthening civil society’s capacity to use AI for monitoring hate speech and human rights violations, addressing the digital divide, examining constructive AI use cases in atrocity prevention, and identifying scalable strategies for responsible integration. In partnership with CRIES. Session Leaders: Sofía Molina, CRIES; Fermín Selva, CRIES

3:20 – 4:00 PM Wrap-Up: Points of Agreement and Path Forward

Identifying areas of consensus, surfacing overlooked challenges, articulating actionable recommendations, and defining concrete next steps for continued collaboration.

PUBLIC PANEL

4:00 – 5:00 PM AI, Human Rights, and the Future of Civic Space

Open to civil society, academia, policymakers, technologists, students, and the public. CLE credit available. Potential hybrid participation. Register here

Roundtable Leader Bios

Sofia Molina

Sofía Molina is an International Relations student and serves as Program Officer at CRIES and Gender Focal Point for GPPAC. She specializes in the strategic integration of AI and OSINT methodologies across all CRIES projects and initiatives, ranging from regional security to social impact. Her work includes assisting project teams, grant-writing efforts, and training in emerging technologies. She applies these advanced data tools to analyze complex regional issues, including illicit arms trafficking and weapon diversion in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Fermin Selva

Fermín Selva is the Program Coordinator and CTO at CRIES and an AWS Now Go Build Fellow. He combines over a decade of private sector experience in public affairs and communications—working with major energy, mining, and pharmaceutical companies—with technical leadership in the NGO space. At CRIES, Fermín leads the strategic integration of AI and OSINT to address regional security and human rights challenges, bridging the gap between corporate innovation and civil society impact.

Ramya

Ramya Jawahar Kudekallu is a human rights practitioner and clinical educator at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, where she supervises the Human Rights and Atrocity Prevention Clinic on the Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights Project. Her research and advocacy focus on anti-discrimination frameworks within international human rights law, with particular attention to how constructs of identity, including gender, race, caste, religion, and citizenship, contribute to communities becoming targets of violence and discrimination. Ramya holds an LL.M. in International Law and Justice from Fordham School of Law, where she was awarded the Crowley Fellowship at the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice. Prior to her work in the United States, she practiced at the Alternative Law Forum in India, focusing on gender justice, civil liberties, and the rights of marginalized communities. She is a co-founder of the International Youth Alliance for Family Planning (IYAFP) and has contributed to global advocacy on gender justice through the World YWCA in Geneva. Her current research examines caste, race, citizenship, and the implications of artificial intelligence for vulnerable groups.

The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect website

UN FRAMEWORKS 11 Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
UNESCO	Recommendation on Ethics of AI November 2021	2021	Non-Binding	Privacy, non-discrimination, freedom of expression, education, work, health, development, gender equality	Readiness Assessment Methodology, Ethical Impact Assessment, State reporting to UNESCO	First global standard-setting instrument adopted by 193 UN member states
UN General Assembly	Resolution on AI Systems March 2024	2024	Non-Binding	All rights online=offline, development, education, disability rights, privacy, non-discrimination, remedy	Calls for governance frameworks, human rights due diligence, oversight mechanisms	First-ever UNGA resolution on AI, adopted by consensus with 193 states
UN (Pact for Future)	Global Digital Compact September 2024	2024	Non-Binding	All rights comprehensively, children's rights, disability, privacy, expression, remedy, digital divide closure	Scientific Panel on AI, Global Dialogue on AI Governance, WSIS+20 review, OHCHR advisory	Most comprehensive global framework integrating AI with digital cooperation and SDGs
UN Human Rights Council	Report A/HRC/48/31 September 2021	2021	Non-Binding	Privacy, health, education, expression, assembly, non-discrimination, remedy, life	Calls for moratorium on high-risk systems, due diligence, impact assessments, independent oversight	First major UN call for AI moratorium until adequate human rights safeguards in place
UN Working Group	AI & UNGPs Report June 2025	2025	Non-Binding	All rights via UNGPs, non-discrimination, privacy, remedy, labor rights, business accountability	Human rights due diligence, impact assessments, stakeholder engagement, access to remedy	First comprehensive application of UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights to AI
UN Advisory Body	Governing AI for Humanity Report September 2024	2024	Non-Binding	All rights, development, participation, benefit from science, remedy	7 recommendations: Scientific Panel, Global Dialogue, AI Fund, Capacity Network, Standards Exchange, Data Framework, AI Office	Most comprehensive global horizon scanning on AI opportunities and risks
UNHRC Special Rapporteur	Report on AI and Privacy A/HRC/51/17 September 2022	2022	Non-Binding	Privacy, data protection, freedom of expression, non-discrimination, remedy	Recommendations for states and businesses, calls for independent oversight	Detailed analysis of privacy threats from biometric recognition and emotion detection
UNHRC Special Rapporteur	Report on Disability and Digital Tech December 2021	2021	Non-Binding	Disability rights, accessibility, non-discrimination, autonomy, independent living, participation	Recommendations for universal design, accessibility standards, participatory development	First comprehensive report on AI implications for persons with disabilities
UNHRC Special Rapporteur	Report on Racial Discrimination and Tech June 2020	2020	Non-Binding	Racial equality, non-discrimination, remedy for algorithmic bias, due process	Calls for independent algorithmic audits, transparency requirements, remedy mechanisms	Detailed examination of algorithmic bias against racial minorities and people of African descent
UNHRC	Resolution on Privacy in Digital Age (Most Recent: 54/21) Multiple (2013-2023)	2023	Non-Binding	Privacy, data protection, surveillance, expression, assembly, remedy, biometric surveillance restrictions	State reporting, OHCHR monitoring, calls for independent oversight bodies, moratorium on dangerous biometric technologies	Series of resolutions establishing privacy protections apply to AI surveillance and profiling, with strengthening provisions on remote biometric identification
ITU/UNESCO/UNICEF	Child Online Protection Guidelines 2020	2020	Non-Binding	Children's rights, protection from exploitation, privacy, education, participation, best interests	Multi-stakeholder cooperation, national policy development, industry self-regulation	Comprehensive framework on children's rights in digital environments including AI systems

EUROPEAN FRAMEWORKS 2 Major Instruments

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
Council of Europe	Framework Convention on AI May 2024 (In Force Nov. 1, 2025)	2025	Binding Treaty	All rights (ECHR, ICCPR, ICESCR), democracy, rule of law, disability/children rights, privacy, non-discrimination, dignity, transparency, remedy	Conference of Parties, biennial state reporting, independent oversight mechanisms required, moratorium/ban assessment (Article 16.4), dispute settlement	First and only binding international AI treaty; entered into force Nov. 1, 2025 after ratification by UK, France, Norway and others; 37+ signatories including EU and US; globally applicable
European Union	EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689) August 2024 (Full: Aug 2026)	2024	Binding Regulation	EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (all rights), data protection, privacy, equality, non-discrimination, child rights, fair trial, expression, dignity, remedy	Fines up to €35M or 7% global revenue, market surveillance authorities, EU AI Office, mandatory registration, fundamental rights impact assessments, post-market monitoring	First comprehensive binding AI regulation, extraterritorial reach, strongest enforcement globally, risk-based approach with prohibited practices

UNITED STATES FRAMEWORKS 8 Major Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
White House	Executive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI October 30, 2023 — REVOKED Jan. 20, 2025	2023	Revoked	Civil rights, civil liberties, privacy, equality, non-discrimination, due process, consumer protection, worker rights, freedom from algorithmic discrimination	Federal agency mandates, OMB oversight, agency reporting requirements, NIST standards development, interagency coordination, civil rights offices empowered	Was most comprehensive US AI executive action; revoked by Trump EO on Jan. 20, 2025 as part of "Initial Rescissions" of Biden-era orders
White House	EO 14179: Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AI January 23, 2025	2025	Binding (Federal)	Focuses on economic competitiveness and national security; retains some civil liberties language but removes emphasis on algorithmic discrimination, equity, and worker protections	Directs agencies to review and rescind EO 14110 actions; mandates 180-day AI Action Plan; OMB directed to revise M-24-10 and M-24-18	Replaces EO 14110; shifts US AI policy from rights-based oversight to innovation-first, deregulatory approach; led to revised OMB memos (M-25-21, M-25-22)
White House	EO on Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI December 11, 2025	2025	Binding (Federal)	Frames AI innovation as paramount national interest; targets state-level regulation as obstacle; limited human rights framing	DOJ AI Litigation Task Force to challenge state AI laws; agencies may condition grants on states not enforcing AI laws inconsistent with federal policy; FCC reporting standard	First federal effort to preempt state AI regulation; DOJ authorized to file suits against state laws; 1,000+ state AI bills introduced in 2024-2025 across nearly every state
White House OSTP	Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights October 2022	2022	Non-Binding	5 principles: Safe and Effective Systems, Algorithmic Discrimination Protections, Data Privacy, Notice and Explanation, Human Alternatives/Consideration/Fallback	Voluntary adoption, federal agency guidance, influence on federal procurement, public accountability	First comprehensive US AI rights framework, explicitly frames AI governance as civil rights issue; issued under Biden administration, remains influential as policy reference but not actively promoted under current administration
OMB	Memorandum M-24-10 March 2024 — RESCINDED April 2025	2024	Rescinded	Civil rights, civil liberties, privacy, safety, due process, non-discrimination, transparency, human review for rights-impacting decisions	Was mandatory for federal agencies; Chief AI Officers required; AI governance boards; compliance reporting; OMB oversight and enforcement	Rescinded and replaced by M-25-21 (April 2025); original required minimum practices for "rights-impacting" and "safety-impacting" AI
OMB	Memorandum M-25-21: Accelerating Federal Use of AI April 2025	2025	Binding (Federal Agencies)	Retains civil rights, civil liberties, privacy; replaces "rights-impacting"/"safety-impacting" categories with single "high-impact AI" category; omits some bias references	Mandatory for federal agencies; retains Chief AI Officers (redefined as "change agents"); AI governance boards; compliance plans; high-impact AI risk management; April 2026 compliance deadline	Replaces M-24-10; shifts from risk-averse to innovation-first approach while retaining core governance structures; focuses on removing "bureaucratic restrictions" and promoting American-made AI
NIST	AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) January 2023	2023	Non-Binding (Voluntary)	Accountability, transparency, fairness, safety, privacy, security, human-centered values	Voluntary adoption, industry standards, federal procurement influence, companion resources and playbooks	Comprehensive technical framework with 4 functions (Govern, Map, Measure, Manage), widely adopted globally
Department of Defense	AI Ethical Principles (Implementation Memo) Principles: Feb. 2020; Implementation Memo: May 2021	2020	Binding (DOD)	5 principles: Responsible, Equitable, Traceable, Reliable, Governable; International Humanitarian Law compliance	Mandatory for DoD AI development and acquisition, RAI Strategy and Implementation Pathway, testing and evaluation requirements, JAIC coordination	First major military AI ethics principles, influences NATO and allied militaries, IHL integration, detailed implementation guidance

AFRICAN UNION FRAMEWORKS 6 Major Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
African Union	Malabo Convention 2014 (In Force June 2023)	2023	Binding Treaty	Privacy, data protection, due process, non-discrimination, consumer protection, cybersecurity	National Data Protection Authorities required (Article 11), monetary fines, remedies for data subjects, bilateral/multilateral cooperation, compliance oversight	Most enforceable AU AI instrument via comprehensive data protection provisions, 15 of 55 states ratified
African Union	Continental AI Strategy July 2024	2024	Non-Binding	Privacy, non-discrimination (sex/gender/race/disability/religion), gender equality, children, cultural, labor, expression, indigenous, environmental, Ubuntu values	AI Ethics Board, Advisory Board, Annual Conference, oversight institutions, transparency registers, impact assessments, 5-year implementation plan	Ubuntu philosophy foundation, Pan-African solidarity, climate adaptation focus, "Africa-centric design" and "local first" principles
African Commission on Human & Peoples' Rights	Resolution 473 on AI & Human Rights February 2021	2021	Non-Binding	Expression, equality, assembly, privacy, life, internet access, cultural rights, "meaningful human control"	Ongoing comprehensive study (public consultation 2025), guidelines for national legislation, Centre for Human Rights support	First proposal globally to codify "meaningful human control" as human right, Ubuntu foundation, African Charter lens
African Union	AfCFTA Digital Trade Protocol February 2024	2024	Will Be Binding	Privacy, non-discrimination, consumer rights, digital inclusion (MSMEs/women/youth), remedy, cross-border data flows	Dispute settlement mechanisms, state implementation obligations, periodic review, AfCFTA Secretariat coordination	Integration of AI/data governance with continental trade framework, single digital market for 1.4 billion people
African Union	African Declaration on AI April 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Digital sovereignty, development rights, privacy, non-discrimination, participation, benefit from science	Proposed $60 billion Africa AI Fund, African AI Scientific Panel, Africa AI Council	Largest financial commitment proposal for African AI development, Pan-African governance structures
African Union	Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa (2020-2030) 2020	2020	Non-Binding	Digital rights, access, privacy, inclusion, gender equality, youth, education, development	Member state national digital strategies, AU Digital Coordination Office, Smart Africa Alliance cooperation	Comprehensive digital ecosystem framework providing foundation for AI governance integration

ARAB LEAGUE & OIC FRAMEWORKS 8 Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
ALECSO (Arab League)	Charter on AI Ethics June 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Human dignity, privacy, non-discrimination, expression, cultural rights, Islamic values respect, family values, IP rights, whistleblower protection	Monitoring through ongoing assessment, legal implementation encouragement, ALECSO technical support, continuous updates, stakeholder engagement	Islamic ethics integration with 16 core principles, Arabic language protection as human right, prohibition on AI-generated academic writing
OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission	Jeddah Declaration on AI Governance July 2024	2024	Non-Binding	Privacy (surveillance/facial recognition/data), non-discrimination (algorithmic bias), expression, life (LAWs), fair trial, labor, development, children, cultural/religious, health (10+ specific rights)	Proposed OIC Digital Advisory Unit, ICESCO/Islamic Development Bank/IPHRC collaboration, implementation monitoring	Most comprehensive enumeration of specific rights (10+) grounded in Islamic principles, family-centered approach, 57 OIC states
Qatar (with UNDP)	Doha Declaration on AI and Human Rights May 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Privacy, algorithmic bias/discrimination, expression, democratic integrity, due process, remedy	Implementation oversight committee established, UNDP implementation support, follow-up mechanisms	Largest Arab region AI-human rights conference (1,200+ participants from 40+ countries), actionable recommendations
ICESCO (Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)	Riyadh Charter on AI Ethics in Islamic World September 2024 (Approved March 2025)	2025	Non-Binding	Human dignity, privacy, non-discrimination, education, cultural/linguistic rights, Islamic values, development	ISESCO coordination, capacity building programs, member state national strategies	Unanimously adopted by 53 Islamic countries, focus on education-science-culture tripartite structure
COMSTECH (OIC Standing Committee)	Tehran Declaration on AI Policy May 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Scientific cooperation, development rights, technological sovereignty, benefit from science, non-discrimination	COMSTECH mandated to develop comprehensive AI policy for all 57 OIC member states	Focused on scientific/technological cooperation among Islamic countries, decolonial technology perspective
Arab League	Arab Strategy for Digital Economy (Draft) Under Development (2021-ongoing)	2024	Non-Binding	Digital rights, privacy, inclusion, development, economic rights, education, youth	Arab League ministerial coordination, national implementation, peer learning	Comprehensive digital economy framework under development, AI governance integration planned
GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) with DCO	GCC-DCO Executive Program on Digital Cooperation August 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Privacy, data protection, AI ethics, cybersecurity, consumer rights, cross-border data flows, digital government	Joint GCC-DCO coordination mechanisms, national regulatory harmonization, mutual recognition, monitoring and implementation framework through 2026	Actionable roadmap for AI ethics, cross-border data policy, and digital government; builds on Digital Space Accelerators; extends collaboration with ASEAN, Central Asia, and EU
Arab League	Arab Convention on Combating Information Technology Offences 2010 (In Force 2017)	2017	Binding	Privacy, data protection (limited), due process, expression (with restrictions), cybersecurity	National implementation, judicial cooperation, extradition provisions, Arab Interior Ministers coordination	Binding cybersecurity treaty providing data protection foundation relevant to AI systems

LATIN AMERICA SPECIFIC FRAMEWORKS 8 Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
Brazil	Brazilian AI Strategy & AI Bill (PL 2338/2023) Senate approved Dec. 2024; Chamber review ongoing	2024	Pending Legislation	Privacy (LGPD integration), non-discrimination, transparency, human oversight, due process, remedy, labor rights, consumer protection, right to explanation	National AI Regulation & Governance System (SIA) proposed, risk-based approach, mandatory impact assessments for high-risk AI, civil liability provisions, fines up to BRL 50M or 2% turnover	Most advanced Latin American AI legislation; Senate approved Dec. 10, 2024; Chamber of Deputies special committee created April 2025 with 33 members; risk-based approach modeled on EU AI Act
Mexico	National AI Agenda & Policy 2022	2022	Non-Binding	Privacy, data protection, non-discrimination, inclusion, labor rights, education, digital divide reduction	Coordinating body (C Minds), public consultation processes, sectoral guidelines, voluntary adoption by government and private sector	Emphasizes social and economic development, human-centered approach, integration with national digital strategy, C Minds coordination
Chile	National AI Policy & Draft AI Law (Bill 15869-19) 2021 (Policy), 2023 (Draft Law)	2023	Policy Non-Binding	Privacy, non-discrimination, transparency, accountability, human rights (Chilean Constitution), remedy	National AI Agency proposed, regulatory sandbox, impact assessments, integration with constitutional right to data protection	Constitutional protection of data and privacy (2022 constitution), National AI Observatory, focus on transparency and explainability
Chile	AI Regulation Bill (Bill 16821-19) 2024	2024	Pending Legislation	Algorithmic transparency, human oversight, non-discrimination, accountability, data protection, consumer rights	Congressional oversight proposed, regulatory authority for high-risk AI systems, mandatory transparency disclosures, sanctions for violations	Comprehensive AI regulation bill pending in Chilean Congress, risk-based approach for AI systems, specific provisions for public sector AI use
Argentina	National AI Plan 2023	2023	Non-Binding	Privacy (PDPA compliance), non-discrimination, transparency, human dignity, labor rights, education	Inter-ministerial coordination, National Data Protection Agency (AAIP) involvement, sectoral regulations, voluntary guidelines	Emphasizes AI for public good and sustainable development, integration with existing data protection law (PDPA), focus on education and capacity building
Colombia	National AI Policy (CONPES 4144) February 2025 (Updates CONPES 3975 of 2019)	2023	Non-Binding	Privacy, habeas data (constitutional right), non-discrimination, transparency, human oversight, labor rights	DNP (National Planning Department) coordination, ICT Ministry implementation, constitutional habeas data right enforcement, voluntary adoption	Constitutional "habeas data" right protecting personal data since 1991, early adopter of AI strategy (2019), ethical AI principles framework
Uruguay	National AI Strategy & Algorithmic Transparency Law 2019 (Strategy), 2022 (Transparency Law)	2022	Transparency Law Binding	Transparency in public sector AI, right to explanation, non-discrimination, privacy, due process, remedy	Mandatory for public sector, regulatory authority oversight, right to request explanations of algorithmic decisions, sanctions for non-compliance	Binding algorithmic transparency law for public sector (rare in Latin America), first Latin American country with comprehensive AI strategy (2019)
CELAC (Community of Latin American & Caribbean States)	Digital Agenda for Latin America and the Caribbean (eLAC2024) 2022	2022	Non-Binding	Digital inclusion, privacy, gender equality, digital rights, education, development, reducing digital divide	ECLAC coordination, national action plans, regional cooperation, monitoring framework, ministerial conferences	Regional framework for 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries, emphasis on digital transformation and inclusion, AI as cross-cutting theme

ASEAN FRAMEWORKS 8 Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
ASEAN	Guide on AI Governance and Ethics February 2024	2024	Non-Binding	Privacy, non-discrimination, human dignity, worker rights, children's rights, fairness, well-being	AI Ethics Advisory Boards, risk-based assessments, human-in-the-loop/human-over-the-loop oversight, regular auditing, voluntary adoption	Market-driven, business-friendly approach, flexible for diverse development levels (Singapore vs. Cambodia), 680 million people
ASEAN	Expanded Guide on AI Governance - Generative AI January 2025	2025	Non-Binding	All ASEAN Guide rights plus deepfakes protection, IP infringement prevention, bias amplification, hallucination risks	Working Group on AI Governance coordination, ASEAN-U.S. Digital Work Plan support, regulatory sandboxes	First comprehensive regional framework specifically addressing generative AI risks and opportunities
ASEAN	Framework on Digital Data Governance December 2018	2018	Non-Binding	Privacy, data protection, consent, access/correction, security, purpose limitation	Data Protection and Privacy Forum, national data protection authorities encouraged, regional coordination	Foundational data governance framework providing basis for AI-specific provisions, balances protection with digital trade
ASEAN	Framework on Personal Data Protection 2016	2016	Non-Binding	Privacy, consent, purpose limitation, data accuracy, security, accountability, cross-border flows	National implementation encouraged, regional cooperation on cross-border enforcement, mutual recognition	First ASEAN data protection framework, directly applicable to AI systems processing personal data
ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)	ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (applied to AI) 2012 (AI consultations 2023-2025)	2012	Non-Binding	Right to development (Article 35), privacy, expression, assembly, non-discrimination, remedy, participation	AICHR monitoring through Five-Year Work Plans (AI as cross-cutting priority 2021-2025), consultations with civil society and member states	Regional human rights declaration being applied to digital/AI contexts through ongoing AICHR consultations
ASEAN	Responsible AI Roadmap (2025-2030) 2025	2025	Non-Binding	All ASEAN AI Guide rights, youth engagement, digital literacy, vulnerable groups protection	Working Group on AI Governance implementation, national action plans, regional cooperation, progress monitoring	Actionable 5-year roadmap with customized prioritization for different national contexts, ASEAN Community Vision 2045 integration
ASEAN	Digital Masterplan 2025 January 2021	2015	Non-Binding	Digital inclusion, access, literacy, economic rights, development, privacy, security	ASEAN Telecommunications and IT Ministers Meeting (TELMIN) coordination, national implementation	Comprehensive ICT development framework providing infrastructure foundation for AI deployment
ASEAN Commission on Women and Children (ACWC)	Regional Plan of Action on Women, Peace and Security (digital elements) 2022	2022	Non-Binding	Women's rights, children's rights, protection from gender-based violence (including digital), participation, non-discrimination	ACWC monitoring, national action plans, regional cooperation on women's and children's rights	Gender and child rights perspective on digital technologies including AI, addresses online harms

OAS & AMERICAS FRAMEWORKS 6 Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
OAS	Updated Principles on Privacy and Personal Data Protection 2021 (Published 2022)	2022	Non-Binding	Privacy, data protection, informational self-determination, portability, erasure ("right to be forgotten"), objection to automated processing, non-discrimination, vulnerable groups	Independent Data Protection Authorities required in each member state, civil damages mechanisms, privacy impact assessments, data breach notification, cooperation among authorities	Grounded in 75+ years Inter-American human rights jurisprudence (IACHR, Inter-American Court), 13 core principles updated for AI era
OAS	Inter-American Framework on Data Governance and AI (MIGDIA) 2022-2024	2024	Non-Binding	Privacy, data protection, non-discrimination, transparency, algorithmic bias mitigation, accountability, remedy	Regional working group coordination (GEALC Network), ministerial endorsement (2023, 2024), technical assistance, peer learning	12 thematic areas covering data and AI governance, public policy co-creation methodology with monthly concept notes and regional consultation
OAS VII Ministers	Declaration on AI December 2024	2024	Non-Binding	Human rights, democratic values, rule of law, safety, transparency, equity, inclusion	OAS-SEDI coordination, U.S. $1.1M partnership funding, Network of Centers of Excellence, OAS Youth Academy on Transformative Technologies	Inter-American AI agenda with 150+ participants (ministers, AI experts, tech executives), U.S.-OAS partnership for implementation
OAS/UN/OSCE/ACHPR	Joint Statement on AI and Freedom of Expression 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Freedom of expression, media freedom, information integrity, human dignity, equality, privacy, non-discrimination	Coordinated monitoring by UN, OSCE, OAS, and ACHPR Special Rapporteurs on freedom of expression, thematic reports	Unprecedented quad-regional Special Rapporteur coordination on AI and expression, global coverage across 4 human rights systems
CARICOM (Caribbean Community)	Strategic Framework for Regional Digital Resilience 2025-2030 July 2024	2024	Non-Binding	Digital rights, education, economic rights, health, cybersecurity, youth, women, underrepresented communities, AI governance	AI Centre of Excellence (Grenada), CARICOM Digital Skills Training Network, 10,000 youth digital skills training target, Digi-Smart CARICOM Initiative, CTU Caribbean AI Task Force	SIDS-specific framework, climate resilience integration, Trinidad & Tobago has dedicated Ministry of AI, UNESCO Caribbean AI Policy Roadmap, telemedicine pilots
OAS Inter-American Juridical Committee	Legal Opinions on Digital Rights (includes AI) 2020-2024	2024	Advisory	Privacy, data protection, expression, due process, access to information, remedy	Advisory function to OAS and member states, model legal frameworks, technical legal expertise	OAS principal legal advisory body providing interpretation of Inter-American law applicable to AI systems

AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS SYSTEMS (LAWS/AWS) FRAMEWORKS 8 Major Documents

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
UN CCW Group of Governmental Experts	CCW GGE on LAWS - 11 Guiding Principles 2019	2019	Non-Binding (Political)	Right to life, human dignity, International Humanitarian Law compliance, human responsibility for life/death decisions, meaningful human control	Political consensus among CCW states, national implementation voluntary, ongoing negotiations for legally binding instrument	First multilateral agreement on LAWS principles, establishes "meaningful human control" concept, IHL applicability affirmed, basis for treaty negotiations
UN Secretary-General	Reports and Statements on LAWS (multiple) 2018-2024	2024	Advisory	Right to life, human dignity, IHL compliance, prohibition on fully autonomous weapons delegating life/death decisions to machines	Political advocacy, moral authority, calls for legally binding prohibitions by 2026, support for treaty negotiations, integration into UN Agenda on Disarmament	UN Secretary-General António Guterres has repeatedly called LAWS "morally repugnant" and called for prohibition by 2026, high-profile advocacy at major forums
UN General Assembly	UNGA Resolution 79/62 on Autonomous Weapons December 2, 2024	2024	Non-Binding	Right to life, human dignity, IHL, meaningful human control, accountability, arms race prevention	Mandates open informal consultations in New York in 2025 open to all UN member states, observer states, ICRC, NGOs, scientific community, and industry	Second UNGA resolution on LAWS; passed 166-3 (only Belarus, North Korea, Russia against); expands discussions beyond CCW to include all UN members; comprehensive and inclusive forum
UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions	Reports on Lethal Autonomous Robotics (Heyns 2013, Callamard/Ní Aoláin 2020-2024) 2013, 2020-2024	2024	Non-Binding	Right to life, human dignity, due process, IHL, prohibition on arbitrary deprivation of life, accountability for unlawful killings	UN Human Rights Council reporting, recommendations to states, advocacy for moratorium and prohibition, special procedures mandate	First comprehensive human rights analysis of LAWS (2013 Heyns report), called for moratorium, emphasized accountability gaps, ongoing monitoring by successive mandate holders
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)	Position on Autonomous Weapon Systems 2021 (Updated 2024)	2024	IHL Interpretation	IHL compliance (distinction, proportionality, precaution), human dignity, prohibition on weapons incapable of distinction, limits on autonomy in use of force	IHL guardian authority, advisory role in treaty negotiations, red lines on autonomy, National IHL Committees engagement	ICRC calls for prohibition on unpredictable/uncontrollable AWS and those targeting humans, establishes IHL-based limits on autonomy in critical functions
Campaign to Stop Killer Robots (Civil Society Coalition)	Call for Preemptive Ban on LAWS 2013-present	2024	Advocacy	Right to life, human dignity, meaningful human control, accountability, IHL compliance, right to peace	Civil society advocacy, 250+ organizations in 65+ countries, public awareness campaigns, engagement with CCW and UN processes, country coordinators network	Largest global coalition on LAWS (inspired by Landmines and Cluster Munitions campaigns), calls for preemptive prohibition on fully autonomous weapons, annual reports on autonomy in weapons
African Union	Common African Position on LAWS 2021	2021	Political Position	Right to life, human dignity, IHL compliance, meaningful human control, African values including Ubuntu	Coordination among 55 AU member states in CCW negotiations, advocacy for legally binding protocol, regional consensus building, African Group statements	First regional bloc Common Position on LAWS, calls for legally binding instrument with prohibitions, Ubuntu philosophy application to weapons ethics, African Charter integration
Group of 36+ States	Joint Statements Calling for LAWS Ban/Prohibition (CCW) 2020-2024	2024	Political Declaration	Right to life, human dignity, IHL, meaningful human control, accountability for use of force	Political consensus building in CCW negotiations, treaty negotiation pressure, 36+ countries call for prohibition on certain LAWS, joint working papers	Growing coalition of states calling for prohibitions including Austria, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Palestine, and others; joint statements at CCW meetings

OTHER INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS 8 Organizations

Organization	Framework	Date	Binding	Key Human Rights	Enforcement	Unique Feature
OECD (47 governments)	AI Principles (Updated 2024) 2019 (Updated May 2024)	2024	Non-Binding	All rights enhanced 2024: privacy, labor rights, IP rights, expression, environment (new), non-discrimination, transparency, dignity, autonomy	47 government political commitment, integration into national legislation globally, OECD monitoring & reporting, Working Party on AI, peer review processes, reputational incentives	First intergovernmental AI standard (2019), basis for national legislation globally including EU AI Act, globally-adopted AI system definition, OECD.AI Policy Observatory
G20	AI Principles / Hiroshima Process 2019 (Hiroshima 2023, Rio 2024)	2024	Non-Binding	Human rights, due process, democracy, diversity, fairness, transparency, human-centricity, information integrity, worker rights	Political commitment by major economies (85% global GDP), national implementation, peer review, G20 ministerial coordination, integration with OECD principles	19 economies + EU = 85% global GDP, Hiroshima Process (2023) developed Guiding Principles for Advanced AI Systems, Rio Declaration (2024) on algorithmic transparency
GPAI (Global Partnership on AI) - 44 countries	Mission & Working Groups 2020 (OECD integrated July 2024)	2024	Non-Binding	Human rights foundational to mission, inclusion, diversity, gender equality, privacy, labor rights, cultural diversity, environmental sustainability	Non-binding influence through research & technical assistance, 4 specialized working groups (Responsible AI, Data Governance, Future of Work, Innovation), multi-stakeholder approach, OECD institutional support	Applied research bridging theory-practice through pilots, AI incidents database, integrated with OECD (July 2024), capacity building for developing countries, community of 44 countries
BRICS (10 members)	Leaders' Statement on AI Governance July 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Digital sovereignty & development rights (central), privacy (BRICS Data Economy Understanding), non-discrimination (independent audits), labor rights (social dialogue), cultural/linguistic rights, IP rights (open-source), expression, benefit from science	UN-centered framework preference, national coordination through BRICS mechanisms, capacity building, technology transfer, proposed BRICS Development Bank support, independent audit mechanisms	Global South voice representing ~45% global population & ~40% GDP (PPP), digital sovereignty doctrine, anti-fragmentation stance, technology transfer emphasis, open-source development (e.g. DeepSeek)
SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) - 10 members	Tianjin Declaration on AI September 2025	2025	Non-Binding	Digital sovereignty rights, development rights (equal AI access), economic rights, benefit from science (technology transfer), cultural diversity (multilingual AI)	SCO AI Application Cooperation Center (proposed), mutual recognition of AI standards, national implementation coordination, open-source emphasis	Cyber sovereignty model representing 40% global population, state-centric governance alternative to Western multi-stakeholder frameworks, anti-hegemony stance, China-Russia-India-Central Asia-Belarus coordination
Commonwealth (56 countries)	AI Consortium & Framework for Sovereign AI Strategy 2023 (Mandated at 2022 CHOGM)	2022	Non-Binding	Digital rights & inclusion, education (digital skills), economic rights (youth employment), development, cultural rights (localized AI), gender equality (women's digital skills), youth rights	StrategusAI policy toolkit (2024), Digital Skills Fund (10,000 youth training target), public-private partnerships (Microsoft, NVIDIA, DeepMind, Deloitte), regional cooperation	Small states priority (33 of 56 members), "think local, code global" approach, post-colonial perspective, 2.5 billion people, Commonwealth AI Framework for sovereign strategies
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)	AI for Good Global Summit Outcomes Annual (2017-2025)	2025	Non-Binding	Development rights, access, inclusion, benefit from science, health, education, SDG alignment	Multi-stakeholder cooperation, AI for Good projects, AI repository of solutions, ITU standards development, capacity building	World's leading platform connecting AI innovators with SDG implementation needs, annual summit since 2017, focus on beneficial AI applications
Mercosur (South American Common Market)	Presidential Statement on Digital Integration in MERCOSUR 2018-ongoing	2021	Non-Binding	Digital inclusion, privacy, data protection, consumer rights, economic rights, cross-border data flows	Working Group on Digital Economy, national implementation, regional coordination among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay	South American regional digital cooperation including AI considerations, integration with broader Mercosur trade framework

Legend

BINDING Legally binding treaty or regulation

NON-BINDING Soft law: recommendations, declarations, guidelines

REVOKED / RESCINDED Previously binding instrument no longer in effect

Total Frameworks Listed: 73

📋 Verification Notes

Sources verified as of February 2026. Major regulatory changes since the previous October 2025 verification include: revocation of US Executive Order 14110 and replacement OMB guidance (M-25-21); entry into force of the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (November 1, 2025); advancement of Brazil's AI Bill (PL 2338/2023) to the Chamber of Deputies; and the second UNGA resolution on autonomous weapons (December 2024). Accuracy review corrected: BRICS member count (10 full members, not 11); SCO member count (10 members after Belarus accession July 2024); BRICS economic statistics (~45% global population, ~40% GDP at PPP); and section document counts reconciled with actual entries. Link audit (February 2026): All 73 document hyperlinks verified. Fixes applied: Commonwealth link updated from generic homepage to CAIC page; ALECSO Charter updated to English-language PDF on stable URL; Tehran Declaration link updated to UNA-OIC official source. Note: Some links use third-party hosting (Jimdo, Wix) or news article URLs where official document repositories are unavailable. Date corrections applied: DoD entry updated to reflect both principles adoption (Feb. 2020) and linked implementation memo (May 2021); Colombia updated from CONPES 3975 (2019) to CONPES 4144 (Feb. 2025); ASEAN corrected from "ICT Masterplan 2025 (2015)" to "Digital Masterplan 2025 (Jan. 2021)"; Commonwealth date updated from 2022 to 2023 with CHOGM mandate notation.

⚠️ AI-Assisted Research:

This chart was created with the assistance of AI (Claude, Anthropic). While all entries have been researched and verified, this document may contain errors or omissions. Users should independently verify all information, dates, and links before citing or relying on this resource for academic, legal, or policy purposes.

🔍 Verification Methodology:

All sources were verified through systematic web searches conducted in February 2026. Priority was given to: (1) Official organization websites and document repositories (2) UN Digital Library and official UN sources (3) Government official publications and legislative tracking systems (4) Reputable news sources for announcements and policy updates (5) Civil society organization primary sources for advocacy documents

📌 Note on Dynamic Content:

AI governance is rapidly evolving. Some frameworks listed are under active negotiation or pending legislative approval. Links were verified as of February 2026 but may change as documents are updated, moved, or superseded. For the most current status of any framework, consult the organization's official website directly.

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Global AI Governance Frameworks